![]() He built the Kasbah Cherarda (also known as the Kasbah al-Khemis) to the northwest of Fes el-Jdid to house a large part of his tribal troops. It was only when the founder of the Alaouite dynasty, Moulay Rashid, took Fez in 1666 that the city saw a revival again, albeit briefly. These were built in the late 16th century, mostly by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur. ![]() These include the Kasbah Tamdert, just inside the city walls near Bab Ftouh, and the forts of Borj Nord ( Borj al-Shamali) on the hills to the north, Borj Sud ( Borj al-Janoub) on the hills to the south, and the Borj Sheikh Ahmed to the west, at a point in Fes el-Jdid's walls that was closest to Fes el-Bali. They were mostly located on higher ground overlooking Fes el-Bali, from which they would have been easily able to bombard the city with canons. They built a number of new forts and bastions around the city which appear to have been aimed at keeping control over the local population. The Saadian dynasty (16th and early 17th centuries), who used Marrakesh again as their capital, did not lavish much attention on Fez, with the exception of the ornate ablutions pavilions added to the Qarawiyyin Mosque's courtyard during their time. : 62 The Marinids built the first true madrasas in Morocco, which include many of the city's most notable architectural monuments such as the Bou Inania Madrasa, the Al-Attarin Madrasa, and the Sahrij Madrasa. At first it was called Madinat al-Bayda ("the White City"), but it quickly became known as Fes el-Jdid ("New Fez"), while the old city became known as Fes el-Bali ("Old Fez"). When the Marinids moved the capital to Fez in 1276 they started building a new town outside the old city walls. This marked the beginning of the greatest period of the history for Fes. Īfter defeating the Almohads in Morocco, the Marinids moved the capital from Marrakesh back to Fez. It even became the largest city in the world during that time, with approximately 200,000 people living there. During Almohad rule (12th-13th centuries), Fez was a thriving merchant city, even though it was not a capital. Under the Almoravids, Fez lost its status as a capital, which was moved to the newly created Marrakesh. The Al-Andalusiyyin Mosque (or Mosque of the Andalusians), on the opposite shore of the river, is likewise traditionally believed to have been founded by her sister in the same year. UNESCO and Guinness World Records consider it the oldest continuously operating university in the world. ![]() The University of Al-Karaouine (or al-Qarawiyyin) is recorded by traditional sources as having been founded by one of these refugees, Fatima al-Fihri, in 859. There were many refugees who decided to settle in the new city this time too, however this time they fled from an uprising in Kairouan (in modern Tunisia). Even though they were only separated by a relatively small river the cities developed separately and became two individual cities until they were unified in the 11th century by the Almoravids. However, in 809 his son, Idris II, decided to found a capital of his own on the opposite bank of the Fez River. Many of the first inhabitants were refugees fleeing from an uprising in Cordoba (modern-day Spain). As the capital for his newly acquired empire, Idris ibn Abdallah chose to build a new town on the right bank of the Fez River in AD 789.
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